Emergence and Infestation Level of Hypothenemus hampei (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Coffee Berries on the Plant or on the Ground During the Post-harvest Period in Brazil

The coffee berry borer (CBB), Hypothenemus hampei Ferrari (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is the most important coffee pest in most of the coffee growing countries. CBB females leave old dry berries after harvest and search for dry noninfested berries on the plant or on the ground to lay eggs or to use as refuge until new berries are available on the coffee trees in the following season. The CBB infestation level and emergence from berries on the ground or on the plants were evaluated in two fields post-harvest in the Spring in Brazil over two seasons. Twenty infested or noninfested berries in separate cages (250 ml plastic cups) were placed on the plants or on the ground under the tree canopy, in each field. The number of infested berries and CBB females that emerged from the infested berries were recorded weekly. CBB emergence was higher from berries on the ground than those on the coffee trees in both seasons, whereas CBB infestation was higher on coffee berries on the plants than those on the ground in season I. Insolation (hours of sunlight) and temperature were the main covariates that affected emergence and infestation by this insect. The results are discussed for monitoring CBB during the time of dispersal with implications on integrated management of this pest.     

基于根区土壤质量指数优化小粒种咖啡滴灌施肥方案

开展3个施肥量(以单株计,FH 190.8 g,FM 127.2 g,FL 63.6 g)和3个灌水量(以单株计,WH 190.63 L,WM 158.86 L,WL 132.90 L)的2因素3水平完全组合试验,选取小粒种咖啡(Coffea arabica)根区土壤硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾含量,细菌、真菌、放线菌数量,...     

普洱市小粒咖啡病虫害种类调查分析

对云南省普洱市小粒咖啡主要栽种区病虫害及荫蔽树种类、杂草和荫蔽树与咖啡病虫害的关系进行调查研究。结果发现普洱市小粒咖啡害虫有13种,病害有7种,常用荫蔽树有17种。文中还分析杂草和荫蔽树与咖啡病虫害关系,就普洱市咖农的管理技术提出建议。     

Coffee resistance to Colletotrichum kahawae is associated with lignification, accumulation of phenols and cell death at infection sites

Histological and ultrastructural studies were undertaken to compare Colletotrichum kahawae growth and the sequence of responses it induced in resistant and susceptible coffee genotypes. Coffee resistance was characterized by a restricted fungal growth associated with hypersensitive-like cell death and early accumulation of phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids (cytoplasmic contents) and hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (cell walls). This accumulation of phenols in the cell walls preceded their lignification and thickening. In the susceptible genotype, a late accumulation of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives in a number of cell walls and the encasement of some intracellular hyphae were also observed, but these delayed host responses did not prevent fungal growth and sporulation.     

Effect of copper sprays oh the mineral nutrient content and growth of arabica coffee seedlings in Kenya

Abstract

Coffea arabica L. seedlings (cv. S.L.34) were sprayed with varying concentrations of cuprous oxide at 0.0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75% for 30 days. Significant increases in the total mean fresh and dry weight; rate of transpiration; stomatal apertures; the total leaf area and plant vigor were observed on the seedlings with increasing concentrations of Cu treatments. The content of N, K, Ca and Cu were significantly increased in the seedlings at Cu spray treatments of 0.50 and 0.75% It is possible that the growth promoting effects produced in coffee by spraying high concentrations of copper is partly nutritional. This is brought about by the catalysing effects of the absorbed Cu ions, by accelerating enzymatic activities within the plant and hence increasing nutrient uptake.     

施肥对干旱胁迫下幼龄期小粒咖啡光合 特性及生长的影响

为明确氮、磷肥对幼龄期小粒咖啡抗旱性的影响,采用盆栽试验,研究了干旱胁迫下3种施氮水平[N0(0 g·株-1)、N1(2.5 g·株-1)、N2(7.5 g·株-1)]和3种施磷水平[P0(0 g·株-1)、P1(2.5 g·株-1)、P2(7.5 g·株-1)]的完全处理组合对幼龄期小粒咖啡光合及生长的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫下小粒咖啡的叶片相对含水量(LRWC)、最大净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、叶绿素含量、比叶面积及生物量均较正常供水时低。干旱胁迫时,施氮、磷肥均能减缓咖啡LRWC的下降速度,其中中氮(N1)和磷肥(P1、P2)单施及其配施处理下的LRWC均在72%以上,显著大于N0P0处理的LRWC。施氮、磷肥有利于改善干旱胁迫下咖啡的光合特性,其中N0P1、N0P2和N1P2处理的最大净光合速率和水分利用效率显著大于其他处理,分别是N0P0处理的2.09倍、2.09倍、2.40倍和1.37倍、1.46倍、1.58倍。施氮、磷肥皆可增加叶绿素含量,还能缓解干旱下叶绿素的降解速度,且氮磷配施的效应优于氮磷单施。施氮、磷肥有利于小粒咖啡各器官生物量的积累,而干旱胁迫能促进光合产物向地下部的分配,各处理的根重比(RMF)和根冠比(R/S)都大于正常供水时的对应值,其中N0P1和N0P2处理的RMF和R/S最大,其次是N1P2处理,且N1P2处理的根干重大于正常供水时的对应值。因此得出,氮肥和磷肥在改善幼龄期小粒咖啡抗旱性方面发挥着重要作用,而磷肥的效果优于氮肥,增强小粒咖啡抗旱性的最佳施肥处理为N1P2。     

Genetic diversity and structure of Ethiopian,Yemen and Brazilian C<Emphasis Type="Italic">offea arabica</Emphasis> L. accessions using microsatellites markers

Genetic diversity among 115 coffee accessions from the Coffea Germplasm Collection of IAC was assessed using SSR markers. The germplasm represents 73 accessions of Coffea arabica derived from spontaneous and subspontaneous plants in Ethiopia and Eritrea, species center of origin and diversity, 13 commercial cultivars of C. arabica developed by the Breeding Program of IAC, 1 accession of C. arabica cv. ‘Geisha’, 13 accessions of C. arabica from Yemen, 5 accessions of C. eugenioides, 4 accessions of C. racemosa and 6 accessions of C. canephora. Genetic analysis was performed using average number of alleles per locus (A), proportion of polymorphic loci (P), Shannon’s genetic index (H′ and G′_ST) and clustering analysis. All evaluated species were distinguished by a cluster analysis based on Jaccard’s coefficient. Differentiation between the cultivated plants of C. arabica and accessions derived from spontaneous and subspontaneous plants was observed. Spontaneous and subspontaneous accessions from Ethiopia were separated according to the geographical origin: east and west of the Great Rift Valley. Cultivated plants showed a low genetic diversity with a division in two groups: accessions from Yemen (H′=0,028) and Brazilian commercial cultivars (H′=0,030). The results agreed with previously reported narrow genetic basis of cultivated plants of C. arabica and supported the hypotheses about domestication of the species. This study also showed a significant genetic diversity among accessions from Ethiopia and Eritrea present in the Germplasm Collection of IAC. This diversity is specially observed in accessions from Sidamo (H′=0,143), Kaffa (H′=0,142) and Illubabor (H′=0,147) indicating their importance as source of genetic variability for coffee breeding programs.     

中粒种咖啡小孢子染色体加倍方法的研究

本文报道在中粒种咖啡(C.Canephora)花粉母细胞减数分裂时期,应用骤变低温和秋水仙素直接处理花器官,诱导形成二倍性花粉粒的方法。研究结果表明:(1)在花粉母细胞减数分裂时期用骤变低温处理可获得大量二倍性花粉粒。最佳处理时期为终变期——中期Ⅰ和后期Ⅰ;最适处理温度为8—10℃,对不同的无性系,处理效果有所不同。(2)应用1%浓度的秋水仙素滴液法直接处理花蕾可获得7.23—9.20%二倍性花粉。     

胡椒和咖啡2种中间性种子的萌发特性研究

研究了胡椒(Pipernigrum Linnaeus)和中粒种咖啡(Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner)种子在常温自然贮藏条件的萌发特性。结果表明,刚采收的胡椒种子和中粒种咖啡种子的含水量、发芽率、活力指数分别为29.32%和46.11%、88%和92.0%、1.46和5.57。自然贮藏20d,干燥脱水对胡椒种子的伤害较轻微,种子发芽率和活力指数仍高达82.7%和1.03;之后,由于严重脱水,种子发芽率和活力指数迅速下降;自然贮藏60d,种子含水量下降到10.91%时,完全丧失发芽力。自然贮藏30d,干燥脱水对中粒种咖啡种子的伤害较轻微,种子发芽率和活力指数仍高达80.5%和4.10;之后由于严重脱水,种子发芽率和活力指数急剧下降;自然贮藏90d,种子含水量下降到9.81%时,种子几乎完全丧失发芽力。由此认为,胡椒和中粒种咖啡是一种中间性种子,过度脱水使质膜结构和功能严重受损,最终导致种子活力的丧失。因此,在播种时,采用常温自然贮藏不超过20d的胡椒种子及贮藏不超过30d的中粒种咖啡种子为佳。     

小粒种咖啡光合特性的研究

自然状况下,小粒种咖啡树冠外围向阳叶的叶绿素a/b值及其光谱吸收能力都较树冠内层荫蔽叶以及同龄的人工遮荫叶大,且其叶绿体的DCPIP光还原活性和乙醇酸氧化酶活性也都较强,呼吸速率较高,但其叶绿素含量(mg/g)却较低。小粒种咖啡树冠外围向阳叶光合作用的光饱和点约为40klx,内层荫蔽叶和用3层纱布遮荫1.5个月左右的人工遮荫叶部约为15klx。向阳叶在其光饱和点时的光合速率高于荫蔽叶光饱和点时的光合速率;当光照强度处于荫蔽叶的光饱和点时,荫蔽叶的光合速率高于向阳叶;当光照强度超过各自的光饱和点时,向阳叶和荫蔽叶的光合速率都明显下降,即都出现明显的光抑制现象,但这时向阳叶的光合速率仍高于荫蔽叶。小粒种咖啡光合作用的低温界限约比5℃稍高,在本实验高CO_2浓度条件下,温度高达40℃时,其光合速率仍未降低。